ISE15/15-16
| 主题: | 财经事务、金融科技、Fintech、分布分类帐、共享分类帐 |
何谓"区块链"
| (a) | 能按照数学运算方式核实交易,无须牵涉第三方机构;
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| (b) | 交易近乎实时执行及结算;
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| (c) | 交易纪录完整齐备,可供追查读取;
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| (d) | 区块链所储存的数据一经加入,便难以修改或移除;及
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| (e) | 可嵌入指令(例如"如果……则……否则……"),以规定须在符合若干条件的情况下,才可执行交易或其他指令。 |
区块链技术的应用
采用区块链技术所面对的挑战
| (a) | 所需资源︰区块链系统的每台电脑系统均会备存一个相同的分类帐,每当有新交易时,电脑便会核实及更新该交易。与中央系统比较,这个分布式的系统可能会耗用更多运算及网络资源。鉴于区块链会随着数据的新增而连结更多区块,操作有关系统所需的资源或会越来越多,这令人关注到区块链技术是否适用于大规模的应用范畴;
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| (b) | 私隐︰区块链中的交易纪录会以加密方式在网络中储存。尽管机构可把区块链的应用限制在私人网络,但数据私隐方面仍然存在问题。举例来说,系统使用者可根据交易纪录或透过拥有数据解密的权限不恰当地推敲出交易者的身份。一如欧洲证券及市场管理局(European Securities and Markets Authority)所指出,私隐问题将会是应用区块链技术其中一个须予妥善管理的范畴;15注释符号代表请参阅European Securities and Markets Authority (2016)及Morrison & Forerster (2016)。
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| (c) | 保安︰区块链的规程(protocols)常被视为具安全性,但其保安架构是利用公开密码匙加密技术(public key cryptography)来保障资讯的。在过去20年间,各界亦曾讨论若较大型的量子电脑能达到足够的"量子位元"("qbits")时,能否入侵运用公开密码匙加密技术的系统。16注释符号代表请参阅Long Finance (2014)。
此外,把不断延长的区块链分布于不同网络位置,亦会带来安全问题。国际刑警组织(International Criminal Police Organization)曾经警告,虛拟货币现时采用的区块链技术很容易受到网络威胁侵害,例如把恶意软件及其他非法数据嵌入交易中,并在区块链中散播;17注释符号代表请参阅International Criminal Police Organization (2015)。 及 |
| (d) | 监管︰在金融市场,现时尚未设有法律框架以保障区块链技术使用者的权益,或规管金融机构使用相关技术。18注释符号代表尽管如此,有少数地方(例如巴西及美国的纽约州)已制定规管使用/买卖虛拟货币的规例。请参阅BBVA (2016)、CFA Institute (2016)及Commodity Futures Trading Commission (2016)。 一如英国的金融市场行为监管局(Financial Conduct Authority)所指出,创新可能是一个需要反覆进行的演进过程,而为了给予创新者"空间"以研究及建立方案,该局在区块链的应用范畴未趋清晰之前,不会对此持有既定立场。虽然如此,该局相信随着区块链技术不断发展成熟,将有许多涉及规管和消费者的事宜须予厘清。19注释符号代表根据Financial Conduct Authority (2016),相关事宜包括个别人士如何连接到分布式的网络系统、由何方人士/单位控制有关程序,以及使用者在数据保安方面有何保障。 事实上,要让区块链技术的应用取得成功,便必须建立有效的规管机制以确保区块链技术稳妥,以避免网络受到冲击或被利用进行犯罪活动。20注释符号代表请参阅UK Government Office for Science (2016)。 |
结语
立法会秘书处
资讯服务部
资料研究组
吴颖瑜
2016年4月20日
| 1. | Aite Group. (2015) Demystifying Blockchain in Capital Markets: Innovation or Disruption?
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| 2. | Australian Securities Exchange. (2016) Media Release: ASX Selects Digital Asset To Develop Distributed Ledger Technology For The Australian Equity Market.
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| 3. | Bank of England. (2014) Innovations in payment technologies and the emergence of digital currencies.
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| 4. | BBVA. (2016) Bitcoin and blockchain: threats and opportunities for the financial industry.
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| 5. | CFA Institute. (2016) Are Bitcoin and Blockchain Technology the Future?
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| 6. | CoinDesk. (2016) Official website.
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| 7. | Deloitte. (2016) Blockchain - Enigma. Paradox. Opportunity.
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| 8. | DTCC. (2016) Embracing Disruption - Tapping The Potential Of Distributed Ledgers To Improve The Post-Trade Landscape.
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| 9. | Evry. (2015) White Paper - Blockchain: Powering the Internet of Value.
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| 10. | European Securities and Markets Authority. (2016) Financial Innovation: towards a balanced regulatory response. Speech by Verena Ross, Executive Director. 7 March.
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| 11. | Financial Conduct Authority. (2016) UK FinTech: Regulating for innovation. Speech by Christopher Woolard, FCA Director of Strategy and Competition, delivered at the FCA's event on UK FinTech: Regulating for innovation. 22 February.
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| 12. | IBM. (2016) On the Blockchain nobody knows that you're a fridge?
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| 13. | Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore. (2015) Media Releases: Singapore demonstrates World's First Application of distributed ledger technology in Trade Finance.
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| 14. | International Criminal Police Organization. (2015) INTERPOL cyber research identifies malware threat to virtual currencies.
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| 15. | Japan Exchange Group. (2016) News Release: Commencement of Proof of Concept Testing for Blockchain Technology.
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| 16. | Long Finance. (2014) Chain Of A Lifetime: How Blockchain Technology Might Transform Personal Insurance.
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| 17. | Morrison & Foerster LLP. (2016) Demystifying Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology - Hype or Hero? 5 April.
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| 18. | NASDAQ. (2015) Press Releases: Nasdaq Linq Enables First-Ever Private Securities Issuance Documented With Blockchain Technology.
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| 19. | Oliver Wyman. (2015) The Fintech 2.0 Paper: Rebooting Financial Services.
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| 20. | Oliver Wyman. (2016) Blockchain in Capital Markets.
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| 21. | PricewaterhouseCoopers. (2016) Blurred lines: how FinTech is shaping Financial Services.
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| 22. | Sutardja Centre for Entrepreneurship & Technology of the University of California Berkeley. (2015) Blockchain technology beyond Bitcoin.
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| 23. | The Financial Times (2015) Technology: Banks seek the key to blockchain. 2 November.
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| 24. | The Korea Times. (2016) KRX seeks share trading through blockchain. 29 February.
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| 25. | UK Government Office for Science. (2016) Distributed Ledger Technology: beyond block chain.
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| 26. | U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission. (2016) First, Do No Harm. Special Address of CFTC Commissioner J. Christopher Giancarlo Before the Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation 2016 Blockchain Symposium: Regulators and the Blockchain. 29 March.
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| 27. | White & Case. (2016) Beyond Bitcoin: The blockchain revolution in financial services. |