ISE20/20-21
| 主题: | 财经事务、证券及期货市场、金融服务消费者保障、规管上市公司及市场活动 |
何谓SPAC?
SPAC日趋普及
| (a) | SPAC首次公开招股的预备时间,远较传统首次公开招股为短。由于进行首次公开招股的SPAC沒有任何运营业务,加上大部分是现金资产,因此SPAC披露财务状况及业务资料的过程,远较传统首次公开招股为短,在规管方面涉及的审查亦因而较少。15注释符号代表请参阅Layne and Lenahan (2018)。 相比之下,传统首次公开招股的准备工作较冗长繁琐,或会对拟上市公司,尤其是中小型公司,造成沉重负担;
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| (b) | 一些公司倾向以SPAC形式上市集资,认为与具经验的SPAC发起人合作或有助提高公司价值。16注释符号代表请参阅Congressional Research Service (2020)。 在美国或其他容许SPAC挂牌的海外司法管辖区,通常会对发起人设定一年(或更长时间)的禁售期(即在SPAC上市后禁止出售其持有股份的时间限制),而传统首次公开招股的禁售期为180天17注释符号代表根据市场惯例,传统首次公开招股的禁售期为180天。招股章程会订明禁售期时限,而各主要金融市场(包括香港)的法例一般不会就禁售期作出规定。请参阅Lexology (2020)。。SPAC的禁售期较长,意味着发起人有较大机会与目标公司建立长期伙伴关系。例如,一家著名的东南亚运输业务独角兽公司,最近宣布决定透过美国挂牌的SPAC上市,因为该公司认为相关SPAC的发起人可成为长期投资伙伴,携手致力发展公司的业务18注释符号代表请参阅Fortune (2021)。;及
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| (c) | 与传统首次公开招股相比,藉SPAC上市的目标私人公司更能够掌控定价和交易条件,19注释符号代表请参阅U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (2020)。 因为所出售股份的价格乃透过与SPAC管理团队磋商所决定,这过程一般在完成交易前数个月进行,但传统首次公开招股则不然,股份定价容易受期间市场波动及大围投资气氛左右,以致波幅可以很大。因此,在2020年全球经济展望不明朗及市场极为波动的情况下,SPAC乘势崛起,为有意上市的公司提供既可清晰定价,又可快速上市的选择。20注释符号代表请参阅Deloitte (2020)。 |
| (a) | 凭藉SPAC,散戶投资者有机会投资于一家将会进行拼购的公司,相当于可涉足传统上只有机构投资者及私募股权基金才能够进行的交易。对于专业投资者来说,透过SPAC投资初创企业较私募基金或会更可取,因为SPAC的股份可公开买卖,因此流通性更高21注释符号代表请参阅Nilsson (2018)。;
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| (b) | 由于SPAC本身提供若干保障投资的措施(将在下文论述),投资者或会较为安心;及
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| (c) | SPAC另一个吸引投资者之处,在于其管理团队往往具有特定行业的相关专业知识和人脉关系。例如,专门从事石油及天然气业务的SPAC在2010年代中期受市场追捧,主要因为当时商品价格下跌,投资者于是转投SPAC,期望藉管理团队之力物色到有利可图的投资机会。22注释符号代表请参阅Deloitte (2020)。 |
香港的情况
为SPAC投资者提供的各种保障措施
| (a) | 托管帐戶或信托基金:SPAC首次公开招股集资所得,大部分须存入托管帐戶(例如美国及南韩的规定为集资额的90%),并在进行收购或清盘前遵从严格的投资准则。虽然英国沒有相关规定,但当地上市的SPAC通常会将募集的资金投资于美国联邦储备债券等流动资产;
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| (b) | 收购项目须经股东批准:在美国及南韩,SPAC收购项目须获大多数股东批准。纳斯达克进一步规定,任何收购项目须获得公司大多数独立董事批准。南韩所订的门槛更高,须符合两个条件:(i)在出席股东大会的股东之中,获得不少于三分之二的投票权通过;及(ii)获得逾三分之一已发行总股权通过。英国虽然沒有就SPAC订立相关的上市规定,但金融行为监管局(Financial Conduct Authority)已建议参考美国的要求,就上市规则进行检讨;
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| (c) | 转換权:在美国及南韩,个别股东若表决反对收购项目,但该项目随后获大多数股东表决通过,则该等股东有权将其SPAC普通股,按比例转換为托管帐戶所持有总资产的特定份额。換言之,反对收购项目的投资者可获退还其投资,惟实际金额会按营运支出及任何投资收益或亏损予以调整。此举可让对收购交易有疑虑的投资者在损失有限的情况下离场;
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| (d) | SPAC发起人的资格要求:南韩规定,SPAC发起人或管理团队必须为认可交易商,藉以确保其专业水平和增加问责性。相反,美国及英国并沒有相关专业规定。英美两地SPAC的管理质素,主要由市场需求带动,因为发起人进行合并与收购的卓越往绩,以及管理SPAC和公共机构的长足经验,方为成功募集资金的关键;
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| (e) | 完成收购时限:为避免管理团队不合理地将投资者的资金长期闲置,美国及南韩均规定,SPAC须在首次公开招股之日起计36个月內完成收购。实际上,大部分SPAC发起人提出的收购时间表更紧迫,一般介乎18至24个月不等。如未能在限期前完成收购,SPAC将被清盘,而托管帐戶的款项亦须退还投资者;及
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| (f) | 收购目标的市值:在美国,纽约交易所及纳斯达克均规定,目标公司(或公司群)的总计公平市值,必须最少相当于信托资产值的80%。此项要求的作用与上文有关收购时限的规定相若,旨在确保SPAC的资金用途与投资者的意向一致。 |
结语
立法会秘书处
资讯服务部
资料研究组
张煥然
2021年5月14日
| 香港
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| 1. | GovHK. (2021a) Financial Leaders Forum convenes 15th meeting.
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| 2. | GovHK. (2021b) Speech by FS at ASIFMA China Capital Markets Week.
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| 3. | Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited. (2019a) HKEx Guidance Letter: HKEX-GL68-13A.
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| 4. | Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited. (2019b) Update No. 127: Note to subscribers for the amendments to the rules governing the listing of securities (the "Listing Rules").
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| 5. | Securities and Futures Commission. (2019) Statement on the SFC's approach to backdoor listings and shell activities.
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| 6. | The Standard. (2021) New World's Adrian Cheng to raise up to US$400m via US special purpose acquisition company.
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| 7. | 香港电台:《港交所:就SPAC咨询市场若有新进展会适时通知》,2021年3月30日。
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| 美国
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| 8. | Congressional Research Service. (2020) SPAC IPO: Background and Policy Issues.
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| 9. | Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. (2008) Regulatory Notice 08-54: Guidance on Special Purpose Acquisition Companies.
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| 10. | Heyman, D. K. (2007) From blank check to SPAC: the regulator's response to the market, and the market's response to the regulation. Entrepreneurial Business Law Journal, vol 2, no. 1, pp. 531.
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| 11. | Investor.gov. (Undated) Blank Check Company.
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| 12. | NYSE. (2017) Listed Company Manual Section 102.06 - Minimum Numerical Standards - Acquisition Companies.
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| 13. | SPAC Analytics. (2020) SPACs drive the majority of US IPO growth in 2020 according to SPAC Analytics.
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| 14. | SPAC Analytics. (2021) SPAC and US IPO Activity.
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| 15. | U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (2020) What You Need to Know About SPACs - Investor Bulletin.
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| 16. | U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (2021a) Celebrity Involvement with SPACs - Investor Alert.
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| 17. | U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (2021b) SPACs, IPOs and Liability Risk under the Securities Laws.
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| 18. | U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (2021c) Staff Statement on Accounting and Reporting Considerations for Warrants Issued by Special Purpose Acquisition Companies.
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| 19. | Wall Street Journal. (2020) Investors Flock to SPACs, Where Risks Lurk and Track Records Are Poor.
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| 英国
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| 20. | Financial Conduct Authority. (2018) Technical Note: Cash shells and special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs).
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| 21. | GovUK. (2021) UK Listing Review.
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| 22. | London Stock Exchange. (Undated) Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPACs).
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| 23. | Winston & Strawn LLP. (2018) SPAC to the Future: The Recent Resurgence of UK SPACs and Latest Trends.
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| 南韩
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| 24. | IFLR. (2010) Special purpose acquisition company.
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| 25. | Kim, K. L. (2010a) Backdoor Listings in Korea: Overhauling Regulatory Framework and Direction for Improvement. KCMI Capital Market Opinion. 21 October.
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| 26. | Kim, K. L. (2010b) The Characteristics of SPAC Investments in Korea. KCMI Capital Markets Perspective, vol 2, no. 3, pp. 9-23.
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| 27. | Schumacher, B. (2020) A New Development in Private Equity: The Rise and Progression of Special Purpose Acquisition Companies in Europe and Asia. Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business, vol 40, no. 3, pp. 391-416.
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| 其他
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| 28. | Bloomberg. (2021) H.K. Financial Secretary Chan on SPAC Listings, Trading Stamp Duty.
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| 29. | BNN Bloomberg. (2021) Hong Kong Exchanges Says IPO Pipeline Is Looking 'Solid'.
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| 30. | Corporate Counsel Business Journal. (2009) Exchanges for Listing SPACs - A Shifting Landscape.
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| 31. | D'Alvia, D. (2020) The international financial regulation of SPACs between legal standardised regulation and standardisation of market practices. Journal of Banking Regulation, vol 21(2), June, pp. 107-124.
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| 32. | Deloitte. (2020) Private-Company CFO Considerations for SPAC Transactions.
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| 33. | Fortune. (2021) 3 reasons why Grab is going public with a SPAC vs. a traditional IPO.
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| 34. | Layne, R. and Lenahan, B. (2018) Special Purpose Acquisition Companies: An Introduction.
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| 35. | Lexology. (2020) 10 Key Considerations for Going Public with a SPAC.
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| 36. | Nilsson, G. (2018) Incentive structure of special purpose acquisition companies. European Business Organization Law Review, vol 19(2), pp. 253-274.
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| 37. | PwC. (2020) Global IPO Watch Q4.
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| 38. | Riemer, D. S. (2007) Special purpose acquisition companies: SPAC and SPAN, or blank check redux? Washington University Law Review, Vol 85, Issue 4, January, pp. 931.
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| 39. | S&P Global. (2021) Hong Kong, Singapore adopt divergent approaches to SPACs as deals heat up.
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| 40. | Singapore Exchange. (2021) Consultation Paper: Proposed Listing Framework for Special Purpose Acquisition Companies.
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